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Subject: V.42bis and beyond
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<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>V.42bis and beyond</TITLE>
<META http-equiv=3DContent-Type content=3D"text/html; =
charset=3Diso-8859-1">
<META content=3D"MSHTML 6.00.6000.16481" name=3DGENERATOR>
<META content=3D"Klaus Holtz" name=3DAUTHOR>
<META content=3D19991208;5320000 name=3DCREATED>
<META content=3D"Klaus Holtz" name=3DCHANGEDBY>
<META content=3D19991208;10140000 name=3DCHANGED>
<META content=3D"Eric Siegfried Holtz" name=3DAuthor>
<META=20
content=3D"V.42bis is an international communications standard, =
implemented in most computer modems, that includes a data compression =
method which can double throughput. This tutorial explains the basic =
V.42bis functions and in doing so points out deficiencies which need to =
be addressed in a next generation standard. A proposed new standard =
would have: Higher compression ratios  Higher speed operations  =
Encryption option built-inCompression adaptable for text, images, and =
video  No patent licenses requiredBackwards compatibility with V.42bis"=20
name=3DDescription>
<META=20
content=3D"V.42bis is an international communications standard, =
implemented in most computer modems, that includes a data compression =
method which can double throughput. This tutorial explains the basic =
V.42bis functions and in doing so points out deficiencies which need to =
be addressed in a next generation standard. A proposed new standard =
would have: Higher compression ratios  Higher speed operations  =
Encryption option built-inCompression adaptable for text, images, and =
video  No patent licenses requiredBackwards compatibility with V.42bis"=20
name=3DKeyWords>
<STYLE>@page  {size: 8.5in 11in; margin: 1in; }
</STYLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
<CENTER><B><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman,Times"><FONT size=3D+2>The =
V.42bis=20
compression standard and beyond</FONT></FONT></B></CENTER>
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman,Times" =
size=3D4>V.42bis=20
is an international communications standard, implemented in most =
computer=20
modems, that includes a data compression method which can double =
throughput.=20
</FONT>
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>This tutorial explains the basic V.42bis functions and in =
doing so=20
points out deficiencies which need to be addressed in a next generation=20
standard. A proposed new standard would have:</FONT></FONT>=20
<UL>
  <LI style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
  size=3D+0>Higher compression ratios</FONT></FONT>=20
  <LI style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
  size=3D+0>Higher speed operations</FONT></FONT>=20
  <LI style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
  size=3D+0>Encryption option built-in</FONT></FONT>=20
  <LI style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
  size=3D+0>Compression adaptable for text, images, and =
video</FONT></FONT>=20
  <LI style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
  size=3D+0>No patent licenses required</FONT></FONT>=20
  <LI style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
  size=3D+0>Backwards compatibility with V.42bis</FONT></FONT> =
</LI></UL>
<CENTER>
<P><BR><B><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman,Times"><FONT =
size=3D+1>Background=20
information</FONT></FONT></B></CENTER>
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>V.42bis was developed by British Telecom and detailed in a =
1990 standard=20
document that is available for sale in the =93Blue =
Book.=94</FONT></FONT>=20
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>ITU INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION, CCITT =
V.42bis.</FONT></FONT>=20
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>THE INTERNATIONAL TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CONSULTATIVE=20
COMMITTEE.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>DATA COMMUNICATION OVER THE TELEPHONE =
NETWORK.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>DATA COMPRESSION PROCEDURES FOR DATA CIRCUIT TERMINATING =
EQUIPMENT (DCE)=20
USING ERROR CORRECTION PROCEDURES.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Recommendation V.42bis, Geneva, 1990.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>The ITU can be contacted through:</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Mr. Th. Irmer</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Director ITU.TSB</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>2 rue de Varembe CH 1211</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Geneve 20, Switzerland</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Email: marie.bercher@itu.ch</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"> <BR><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>The basic V.42bis compression algorithm was invented by Klaus =
Holtz in=20
1974 and first disclosed in 1975 in an application for patent 4,366,551. =
A first=20
publication by Klaus Holtz appeared in 1977 (=93Here comes the =
brain-like=20
self-learning no-programming computer of the future,=94 <U>The First =
West Coast=20
Computer Faire</U>, 1977).</FONT></FONT> <BR><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman,Times"><FONT =
size=3D+0></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>A month after that publication, Jacob Ziv and Abraham Lempel =
published a=20
primitive compression algorithm now known as the LZ-1 or LZ-77 code =
(=93A=20
Universal Algorithm for Sequential Data Compression,=94 <U>IEEE =
Information=20
Theory</U>, IT-23, May 1977). LZ-77 was not implemented in the V.42bis =
standard,=20
but note that Ziv and Lempel also published an improved algorithm in =
1978 that=20
is now known as the LZ-2 or LZ-78 code (=93Compression of Individual =
Sequences via=20
Variable-Rate Coding,=94 <U>IEEE Information Theory</U>, IT-24, Sept.=20
1978).</FONT></FONT> <BR><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>In 1984 Terry Welch improved on the LZ-78 code with the Ziv =
Lempel Welch=20
or LZW code (=93A Technique for High Performance Data Compression,=94 =
<U>IEEE=20
Computer</U>, June 1984; Patent 4,558,303). Both the Holtz patent =
4,366,551=20
(Omni Dimensional Networks) and the Welch patent 4,558,303 (Unisys) have =
claimed=20
rights to the V.42bis standard. In 1985 Victor Miller (V. S. Miller, M. =
N.=20
Wegman, =93Variation on a Theme by Ziv and Lempel,=94 <U>IBM Papers, =
Combinatorial=20
Algorithms on Words</U>, 1985; Patent 4,814,746) added delayed =
innovation and a=20
recycling library. Based on that patent, IBM also has claimed right to =
the=20
V.42bis standard. A tree indexing system published in 1963 by Edward =
Sussenguth=20
(=93Use of Tree Structures for Processing Files,=94 <U>Communications of =
the=20
ACM</U>, Volume 6, Number 5, May 1963) is implemented in V.42bis but not =
subject=20
to any patent claim.</FONT></FONT> <BR><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0></FONT></FONT>&nbsp; <BR>&nbsp;</DIV>
<CENTER><B><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman,Times"><FONT size=3D+1>V.42bis =
features and=20
potential improvements</FONT></FONT></B></CENTER>
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>The V.42bis standard=92s data compression and error correction =
procedures=20
are useful but far from optimal. There is much room for improvement. =
However, it=20
is important that any new standard be backwards compatible with the huge =

installed base of V.42bis compliant systems.</FONT></FONT>=20
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><B><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Compression ratios</FONT></FONT></B>=20
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>The V.42bis standard achieves rather disappointing compression =
ratios.=20
That is due primarily to the inefficient library, which collects random =
string=20
fragments. Also, because transmissions start with an empty library, =
short files=20
(such as email messages of less than a few thousand characters) cannot =
be=20
compressed. The library can also be =93poisoned=94 by changes in data =
type, such as=20
graphics embedded in a text file. It then takes several thousand =
characters to=20
recover useful compression ratios. Compression ratios could be greatly =
improved=20
by switching to the original Holtz codes' =93end of sequence=94 =
indicators and=20
specialized fixed libraries.</FONT></FONT> <BR><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman,Times"><FONT =
size=3D+0></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><B><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>High speed operations</FONT></FONT></B></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>V.42bis is usually implemented in a modem chipset containing =
an embedded=20
microprocessor. Very fast microprocessors achieve sufficient speed for =
telephone=20
modems and ISDN, but cannot go much beyond that. Higher speed operations =
require=20
a Content Addressable Memory (CAM) library, which can attain speeds =
sufficient=20
for any channel including fiber optics. The current standard cannot keep =
up with=20
modern communications.</FONT></FONT> <BR><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman,Times"><FONT =
size=3D+0></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><B><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Data encryption for secure =
communications</FONT></FONT></B></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Security and privacy are important concerns for communications =
over=20
public networks like the Internet. However, using the V.42bis standard,=20
encrypted data cannot be compressed. A modem can transmit encrypted =
data, of=20
course, but without the benefit of data compression. An improved =
standard could=20
provide an additional encryption option based on the same libraries and=20
processes used for compression.</FONT></FONT>=20
<P><B><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman,Times"><FONT size=3D+0>Adaptability =
for text,=20
fax, voice, still images, and live video =
data</FONT></FONT></B></P></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>The V.42bis standard was designed according to the Shannon =
information=20
theory, which insists that data content is irrelevant and that there are =

=93universal=94 compression algorithms that can compress any type of =
data with equal=20
efficiency. Such notions are now being challenged by Autosophy =
information=20
theory. According to Autosophy, lossless data compression is possible =
only with=20
prior knowledge of data content. There cannot be =93universal=94 =
compression=20
algorithms because each data type requires its own special library. =
Replacing=20
the V.42bis library with specialized libraries would result in =
significantly=20
higher compression. Library type would be specified by codes embedded in =
the=20
data stream.</FONT></FONT> <BR><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><B><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Requirement for patent licenses</FONT></FONT></B></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>The V.42bis standard requires many patent licenses. Smaller =
modem=20
manufacturers have found it difficult to meet all the licensing =
requirements.=20
Patent claims are being routinely ignored and lawyers are getting rich =
on the=20
consequent litigation. The V.42bis standard committee should have =
researched the=20
patent situation much more thoroughly. A modified standard could easily=20
distinguish itself from the British Telecom standard and avoid the =
Unisys=20
(4,558,303) and IBM patents (4,814,746).</FONT></FONT> <BR><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman,Times"><FONT =
size=3D+0></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><B><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Backwards compatibility with the old V.42bis=20
standard</FONT></FONT></B></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>A new communications standard should allow communications via =
existing=20
V.42bis modems until they are fully phased out. With its embedded=20
microprocessor, the V.42bis standard constantly monitors current =
compression=20
ratios. If the ratio becomes too low, then the compression engine is =
switched=20
off and communication changes to standard eight bit character codes. =
Previously=20
compressed data cannot be further compressed so the microprocessor would =

automatically turn off its internal compression engine when faced with =
such. The=20
newer compression standard thus over-rides the internal V.42bis engine =
for=20
backwards compatibility.</FONT></FONT> <BR><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman,Times"><FONT =
size=3D+0></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><B><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Conclusions</FONT></FONT></B></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>The V.42bis compression standard is highly outdated and ripe =
for=20
replacement. A new more efficient standard would benefit the world =
economy=20
greatly with faster and more secure communications.</FONT></FONT> =
<BR>&nbsp;=20
<BR>&nbsp;</DIV>
<CENTER><B><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman,Times"><FONT size=3D+1>The =
basic=20
compression methods</FONT></FONT></B></CENTER>
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>The basic V.42bis compression method was invented by Holtz =
(Patent=20
4,366,551). It was later adapted for communication by Welch (Patent =
4,558,303)=20
and Miller (Patent 4,814,746). Data compression is achieved by growing a =

duplicate library in both the transmitter and receiver. The libraries =
are grown=20
in lockstep using transmitted address tokens. With a few exceptions, =
each=20
address token creates a new library node. The library contains a =
pre-loaded=20
section, and a learning section where new nodes are added during =
transmission.=20
New nodes are created in both the transmitter and receiver libraries so =
that=20
both remain identical at all times.</FONT></FONT>=20
<CENTER>
<P><IMG height=3D519 =
src=3D"file:///C:/Users/Autosopher/Desktop/V42bis/v42bih96.gif"=20
width=3D585 align=3Dbottom border=3D0 name=3DGraphic1></CENTER>
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT size=3D+0>A=20
tree network consists of standard nodes, each containing a GATE and a =
POINTER=20
stored in an ADDRESS. The GATE, in this example, is the input ASCII =
character=20
from the file being transmitted. The POINTER points to the previous node =
ADDRESS=20
from which the tree branch originated. The ADDRESS is the library memory =
address=20
in which a GATE - POINTER pair is stored. A GATE - POINTER pair is also =
called a=20
MATRIX. An important feature of such tree networks is that every GATE - =
POINTER=20
pattern in the library is unique and has no duplicates. That allows =
Content=20
Addressable Memories (CAM) to be used for very fast =
operations.</FONT></FONT>=20
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Before transmitting a data file, the libraries in both the =
transmitter=20
and receiver must be pre-loaded from address 0 to 258. The first three =
library=20
addresses represent special control codes, which enable the transmitter =
to=20
communicate with the receiver. The ETM code 0 is used to turn off the=20
compression mode. That replaces the compressed address token =
transmission with=20
normal eight bit ASCII transmissions. The FLUSH code 1 is transmitted to =
clear=20
the learning libraries in both the transmitter and receiver. Following =
data=20
transmissions grow a new library. The STEPUP code 2 increases the =
transmitted=20
code bit length by one bit whenever the library size doubles. Starting =
with an=20
original 9 bit transmission code, the code length is increased to 10 =
bits when=20
the library reaches 512 nodes. It is increased again at 1k nodes and at =
2k=20
nodes. The code length then remains at 12 bits as the library remains at =
4k=20
nodes for the rest of the transmission. That is achieved by constantly =
clearing=20
old library nodes and recycling them according to a =93least recently =
used=94=20
scheme. The next 256 nodes are then pre-loaded with a GATE equal to an =
ASCII=20
character code and a POINTER of all zeroes. A starting node is thus =
provided for=20
each of the 256 ASCII characters, i.e., a root for 256 separate trees. =
Since the=20
library addresses are shifted up by the three control codes, each ASCII =
code is=20
stored in the address ASCII + 3. The actual string learning library =
starts at=20
address 259 and usually goes to 4k nodes.</FONT></FONT>=20
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>During the transmission process, a tree library is grown from =
the input=20
file data. Each string of input characters, in effect, climbs the tree =
nodes to=20
find matching strings already stored in the library. The string matching =
process=20
comes to an end when a CHARACTER - POINTER combination cannot be found =
in the=20
library. The POINTER then represents the =93longest matching string=94 =
in the=20
library as learned during previous transmissions. The POINTER is =
transmitted as=20
the OUTPUT CODE. The POINTER, together with the last UNMATCHED =
CHARACTER, is=20
stored in a NEXT EMPTY library ADDRESS to add a new branch to the tree =
library.=20
The UNMATCHED CHARACTER is used as the first character of the next data =
string,=20
continuing the string matching and transmission process. With few =
exceptions,=20
each transmission creates a new node in both the transmitter and =
receiver=20
libraries.</FONT></FONT>=20
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><B><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>ENCODING ROUTINE</FONT></FONT></B>=20
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>MATRIX:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [ GATE ] POINTER =
]</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Start:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Reserve library addresses 0 to =
2 for the=20
ETM, FLUSH, STEPUP commands.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;=20
Pre-load the next 256 locations (3 to 258) with the ASCII character=20
set.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;=20
Clear the POINTER in the MATRIX.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Next:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Move the next input character to =
the=20
GATE.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;=20
If the POINTER =3D clear then move the GATE + 3 to the=20
POINTER;</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;=20
Output a code =3D GATE + 3; Goto Next.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;=20
Else search the library to locate a matching MATRIX.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;=20
If a matching MATRIX is found then:</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;=20
Move the library ADDRESS to the POINTER; Goto Next.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;=20
Else store the MATRIX into a NEXT EMPTY library =
ADDRESS;</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;=20
Output a code =3D POINTER;</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;=20
Move the GATE + 3 to the POINTER; Goto Next.</FONT></FONT> <BR><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman,Times"><FONT =
size=3D+0></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>The receiver uses the input POINTER code to retrieve a data =
string from=20
its own duplicate library. That is done by following the POINTER trail =
backwards=20
through the tree library until a POINTER smaller than 259 is detected. =
While=20
jumping backwards from node to node through the library, a GATE or ASCII =

character is recovered in each step. The character string is recovered =
in=20
reverse order. In the above example, the string SEE is recovered as EES. =
The=20
recovered string is the OUTPUT DATA from the receiver. The receiver also =

remembers the input POINTER code in a buffer and waits for the next =
input=20
POINTER code. The next input POINTER code is similarly converted back =
into an=20
OUTPUT DATA string. The first character of that next string is combined =
with the=20
previous POINTER (which was saved in the buffer) to create a new node in =
the=20
receiver library by storing the POINTER - CHARACTER pair in a NEXT EMPTY =
library=20
location. The NEXT EMPTY library addresses are computed in the same way =
in both=20
the transmitter and receiver so that both the transmitter library node =
and the=20
receiver library node are stored in the identical library ADDRESS. Note =
that the=20
transmitter stores its new node one transmission earlier than the =
receiver does=20
its identical node. That can cause a problem if the transmitter uses the =

just-created node to encode the next string. The receiver would then =
retrieve=20
the wrong string because it does not yet have the correct node. The =
solution is=20
for the transmitter to avoid using a newly-created node address to =
encode the=20
string immediately following.</FONT></FONT> <BR><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman,Times"><FONT =
size=3D+0></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><B><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>RETRIEVAL ROUTINE</FONT></FONT></B></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>MATRIX:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [ GATE ] POINTER ]. BUFFER1.=20
BUFFER2.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Start:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Reserve library addresses 0 to =
2 for the=20
ETM, FLUSH, STEPUP commands;</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;=20
Pre-load the next 256 locations (3 to 258) with the ASCII character=20
set;</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;=20
Clear BUFFER1.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Wait:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wait for the next INPUT=20
CODE.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;=20
Move the received INPUT CODE to the POINTER.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;=20
If the POINTER is &lt; 3 then execute the CONTROL command. Goto=20
Wait.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;=20
If the POINTER is &lt; 259 then:</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;=20
If BUFFER1 is clear then copy the POINTER - 3 to =
BUFFER1;</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;=20
Use POINTER - 3 for OUTPUT data. Goto Wait.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;=20
Else move BUFFER1 to BUFFER2;</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;=20
Copy POINTER - 3 to BUFFER-1</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;=20
Use POINTER - 3 for OUTPUT data;</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;=20
Move the POINTER - 3 to the GATE;</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;=20
Move BUFFER2 to the POINTER;</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;=20
Store the MATRIX in a NEXT EMPTY library address. Goto =
Wait.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp; Else=20
move BUFFER1 to BUFFER2;</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp; Copy=20
POINTER to BUFFER1;</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Loop:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Use the POINTER as a library ADDRESS =
to fetch a=20
new MATRIX;</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp; Push=20
the new GATE into a First-In-Last-Out (FILO) stack;</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp; If=20
the new POINTER is &gt; 258 then: Goto Loop.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp; Else=20
copy the POINTER - 3 to push into the FILO stack;</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp; Move=20
the POINTER - 3 to the GATE;</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp; Move=20
BUFFER2 to the POINTER;</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp; Store=20
the MATRIX in a NEXT EMPTY library ADDRESS;</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nb=
sp;=20
Retrieve, pull the OUTPUT data from the FILO stack; Goto =
Wait.</FONT></FONT>=20
<BR><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman,Times"><FONT =
size=3D+0></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>The tree libraries generated in the transmitter and receiver =
are very=20
disorganized and inefficient. Because the algorithm does not distinguish =
between=20
input characters, it cuts off each string at the first =93not found =
node.=94 What=20
ends up in the library, then, are virtually random string fragments =
containing=20
both alphabetic and non-alphabetic characters. It is difficult to find =
matching=20
strings in such a library. The library is very inefficient when compared =
to the=20
=93whole word=94 libraries, as explained in the data compression=20
tutorial.</FONT></FONT> <BR><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Data compression only results if several characters are =
represented by=20
each output transmission code. That requires that the input data finds =
matching=20
strings in the library. A very disorganized library yields few matching =
strings=20
and results in low compression ratios. The library must also contain =
strings=20
which are comparable to the data being transmitted. A text transmission, =
for=20
example, grows a library most efficient for text compression. If =
graphics data=20
is embedded in the text file, then the library becomes very inefficient =
while=20
slowly adapting to the new data type. Once the file transmission reverts =
back to=20
text data, then it takes several thousand characters to convert the =
library back=20
from graphics strings. That is called =93poisoning=94 the library. One =
way of=20
minimizing library poisoning is to clear the existing library with a =
FLUSH=20
command and start a new one. However, a new library will also contain =
few=20
matching strings for the first few thousand characters. Short messages =
(such as=20
most email) do not yield useful compression ratios. Increasing the code =
bit=20
length using the STEPUP command is only a Band-Aid, not a real solution. =
Each=20
single character transmission code contains at least 9 bits or more =
often 12=20
bits. That can cause data expansion in which the =93compressed=94 =
transmissions=20
contain more bits than the original input. Under normal operating =
conditions,=20
useful data compression is the exception rather than the rule. On the =
positive=20
side, though, the library can eventually adapt itself to any data type =
or=20
language (with the exception of random data).</FONT></FONT> <BR><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman,Times"><FONT =
size=3D+0></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>To avoid data expansion, a V.42bis modem contains an embedded=20
microprocessor, which constantly monitors achieved compression ratios. =
If the=20
compression ratios become too low, then the ETM command is used to =
switch to=20
normal 8 bit code transmissions. When the data becomes compressible =
again, an=20
escape character code is used to switch back to compressed =
transmissions. That=20
works for telephone modems, but not for high speed transmissions. A=20
microprocessor is simply not fast enough to calculate and monitor =
compression=20
ratios in Megabit/sec channels.</FONT></FONT> <BR><FONT=20
face=3D"Times New Roman,Times"><FONT =
size=3D+0></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Switching the compression engine off is a very useful feature =
for=20
ensuring compatibility with any new standard. A new standard would =
compress data=20
before sending it to a V.42bis modem. Because already compressed data =
cannot be=20
further compressed, the V.42bis modem would never find compressible data =
and=20
therefore only transmit packets of normal 8 bit character codes. The =
internal=20
V.42bis compression engine would thus be automatically =
disabled.</FONT></FONT>=20
<BR><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman,Times"><FONT =
size=3D+0></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<CENTER><IMG height=3D305=20
src=3D"file:///C:/Users/Autosopher/Desktop/V42bis/v42bih97.gif" =
width=3D525=20
align=3Dbottom border=3D0 name=3DGraphic2></CENTER>
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Another problem with the V.42bis standard is the need to =
search the=20
library for a matching CHARACTER - POINTER pattern. Using only an =
embedded=20
microprocessor, the search can take a long time. A more efficient search =
method=20
has to be found. The V.42bis standard uses a forward-pointing tree =
search=20
algorithm to increase encoding speed. The algorithm was first described =
by=20
Edward H. Sussenguth Jr. in 1963 (=93Use of Tree Structures for =
Processing=20
Files=94). Instead of searching the entire library memory, the algorithm =
limits=20
the search to a maximum of 256 nodes. Both the Sussenguth and the LZW =
trees are=20
combined in the same expanded node. Except for increasing the encoding =
speed,=20
the original tree node structure of the library is not affected. While =
the=20
Sussenguth tree accelerates encoding speed in the transmitter, the LZW =
tree=20
accelerates retrieval speed in the receiver. The GATE field contains the =

character shared by both trees. If the input character matches the GATE =
code, a=20
DEPENDENT forward pointer points to the next node ADDRESS. If the input=20
character does not match the GATE code, then the search follows the =
SIBLING=20
pointer to the next node ADDRESS. Jumping from node to node, the =
algorithm=20
follows the SIBLING pointer trail until a GATE matching the input =
character is=20
found. If no matching GATE is found at the end of the trail, indicated =
by an=20
empty SIBLING pointer, then a new node is created at a next empty or =
recycled=20
memory ADDRESS.</FONT></FONT>=20
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>The Sussenguth tree search allows encoding speeds sufficient =
for=20
telephone modems and ISDN, but not much beyond. Modern high speed =
channels=20
therefore cannot use the V.42bis standard. The solution is to use =
Content=20
Addressable Memories, which can accelerate encoding speed to match any=20
communication channel including fiber optics.</FONT></FONT>=20
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Basic communication parameters (such as transmission speed and =
library=20
size) are negotiated between transmitter and receiver modems before =
commencing=20
transmissions. Data is transmitted in standard packages containing error =

checking codes. Errors in the transmission lead to automatic package=20
re-transmission until valid data is received. Package re-transmission =
allows=20
reliable communications via telephone lines of any quality. It also =
avoids the=20
risk of error propagation, in which a single bit error can otherwise =
scramble a=20
whole data file.</FONT></FONT>=20
<CENTER>
<P><B><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman,Times"><FONT size=3D+1>Suggestions =
for a next=20
generation compression standard</FONT></FONT></B></CENTER>
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>The basic problem with the existing V.42bis standard is caused =
by the=20
Shannon information theory on which it is based. It is assumed that the =
data has=20
no inherent meaning and that data content is irrelevant. Random bit =
streams are=20
transmitted in the same way as meaningful, coherent data (such as text =
and=20
images). There is then no reason to maintain libraries during=20
transmission.</FONT></FONT>=20
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Modern lossless data compression techniques (such as the =
V.42bis=20
standard) can be better explained by Autosophy information theory. =
Transmission=20
is clearly dependent on data =93content.=94 Random data requires much =
higher bit=20
rates than coherent data. Bit rates are not so much dependent on the =
data=20
volume, but rather on prior knowledge stored in internal libraries. =
Since=20
transmissions depend on data content, each data type should have its own =

library.</FONT></FONT>=20
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT size=3D+0>A=20
self-generating library, which automatically adapts to any data type or=20
language, is a seductive idea but not very practical in the real world. =
Such=20
data compression only works for long files containing similar types of =
data.=20
Short and mixed-media data transmissions cannot be successfully=20
compressed.</FONT></FONT>=20
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>The solution is to replace a single dynamic library with =
several fixed=20
libraries. (See the =93Data compression with built-in encryption=94 and =
=93Image=20
compression=94 tutorials.) Such a shift would make for huge improvements =
in data=20
communication and storage.</FONT></FONT>=20
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>The new communications standard requires a range of libraries. =
Libraries=20
could be stored on computer disc drives, in communications software =
packages, or=20
embedded in hardware chipsets. For open communications, standard =
libraries would=20
be provided for still images, television, voice, and text in a range of=20
languages. Standard libraries could be added and updated from time to =
time and=20
made available for Internet download. Alternatively, users can create =
their own=20
encryption libraries, permitting secure communications with only those =
receivers=20
provided with a copy of the library. The system must also include a =
=93null=94=20
library for communication without compression or =
encryption.</FONT></FONT>=20
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>During the parameter negotiation phase, the libraries required =
for=20
transmission are specified. If encryption libraries are required and not =
found,=20
then the communication is refused. If the library changes within a file=20
transmission (from text to embedded graphics, for example) then special =
command=20
codes, embedded in the data stream, switch between libraries. Data type =
is=20
already specified by such embedded codes in DOC files, for=20
example.</FONT></FONT>=20
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>The new standard must allow encoding speeds sufficient for =
modern=20
communications including fiber optics. Content Addressable Memory =
libraries are=20
thus required, ideally the Autosophy-native CAROM described in a =
separate=20
tutorial.</FONT></FONT>=20
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>Data compression and encryption work not only to make data=20
communications more efficient and secure, but also to increase data =
storage=20
capacities in databases. Software used to produce multimedia content can =
also=20
compress and encrypt data prior to storage in a computer memory. If a =
standard=20
compression chipset is mounted on the computer motherboard, data =
compression and=20
encryption could be in real time without significantly slowing the =
computer.=20
Storage capacities and read/write access speeds in disc drives could =
thus be=20
greatly improved and communications would be with already compressed =
data files=20
that do not require any changes to the communications =
channel.</FONT></FONT>=20
<CENTER>
<P><B><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+1>Conclusions</FONT></FONT></B></CENTER>
<P style=3D"MARGIN-BOTTOM: 0in"><FONT face=3D"Times New =
Roman,Times"><FONT=20
size=3D+0>The V.42bis standard can and should be improved. A new data =
compression=20
standard would be of immense benefit to the Internet and consequently =
the whole=20
world economy. Promising new algorithms and techniques are being =
developed by=20
Omni Dimensional Networks. Input is invited from the Internet community =
to help=20
in the creation and approval of a greatly improved new =
standard.</FONT></FONT>=20
</P></BODY></HTML>

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